Evolving Experiment in Democracy essays

Developing Experiment in Democracy expositions Numerous students of history have depicted the United States as an advancing test in popular government. This announcement particularly remains constant during the timeframe of 1828-1844. During the timespan of 1828-1844, under the standard of Jacksonian Democracy, a few political, social, and financial changes happened in the United States that unmistakably characterize the nation as an advancing analysis in majority rules system. Most importantly, during the timeframe of 1828-1844 a few political changes happened that organized and extended the administration. Jackson set up a Spoils System, in which he gave his political supporters open office. Each man is comparable to his neighbor, Jackson broadcasted. The highborn and bureaucratic officeholding class was wiped out. Increasingly normal residents were engaged with legislative issues to give the common resident more state in the administration. The Spoils System molded the manner in which the Democratic Party was sorted out. Gradually the Democratic Party under the timespan of 1828-1844 was sorted out to give more chances to the normal individual. Jacksonian thoughts were consolidated in one way by the disposal of property capabilities. By this disposal, any free white male could cast a ballot and hold office. Because of the disposal of property capabilities came the rethinking of the picked class. Grower, urban specialists, and manufacturing plant workers w ere remembered for the new picked class. The possibility that the less fortunate resident was similarly as significant as a rich resident occurred. What's more, those assembled under Jacksons pennant of popular government had confidence in more rights for the states. In the long run, a two-party framework rose, the Whigs and the Democrats. Because of aversion for the American System and degenerate deal under the standard of John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson joined numerous individuals under a pennant of majority rule government. The possibility of government funded training for all residents was advanced, which ... <!

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Contextual investigation - Essay Example The term Sony’s DNA additionally shows the company’s unordinary expertise for item structure and extraordinary showcasing strategies. This remarkable energy for structure and advertising is the key factor of its strength in worldwide markets. The significant test that Sony stood up to with accomplishing collaboration was the issue identified with its inner intermingling. The enterprise was uncertain how it could accomplish consistent participation between its auxiliary organizations by selling the system vision. Likewise, ‘there was little company between the substance individuals in the United States and the specialized wizards in Japan’. The creation units like the Play Station had been appreciating surpass autonomy by working outside the company’s standard and by starting union with different gatherings. It is dubious if sonny can suffer with this kind of ‘luxury’ in future to be specific in its inventive procedures. Another serious issue was the danger from ease imitators who previously had pilfered its substance business. When contrasted with different contenders, Sony must be exceptionally worried about elements related with its copyright. As one of the prominent difficulties, Sony h ad been constrained access to TV communicate in USA. They additionally needed collaboration among equipment and substance side of business. At last, Sony didn't have significant offer in versatile industry. Revamping may be the conceivable answer for address these difficulties in future. Sony has just recognized this factor; and the association has entered the universe of computerized union. Rather than conventional method of the executives, it relies upon redistributing possibility which permits wide and synergistic information sharing and critical thinking. Sony’s participation with Intel and Microsoft is a model for this calculated change. In spite of the fact that this pattern of union was new to Sony, as of late it has adjusted its strategies particularly in the event of item

Breast Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Bosom Cancer - Research Paper Example The danger of bosom malignant growth increments with her age. A family ancestry likewise upgrades danger of bosom malignancy. It is appropriate to see that in 1970s, the danger of bosom disease was under 10 percent that expanded to just about 12 percent in 2005 expanding further to 12.4 percent in 2007. According to the present discoveries, danger of bosom malignant growth at age 30 is 1 out of 227 that increments to 1 out of 42 at age 50 and further increments to 1 out of 26 at age 70. In this way, age is the biggest hazard factor of bosom malignancy. Hereditary changes in qualities, for example, BRCA1 and BRCA2 are likewise liable for happening bosom disease (National Cancer Institute, 2014). Bosom malignancy doesn't have any observable manifestations in its underlying stage. Irregularities or growing might be seen now and again however such side effects are likewise found in non-malignant condition. Routine month to month bosom self-test is recommended by wellbeing specialists to identify any variation from the norm in the bosoms. Yearly mammogram is suggested for a lady having crossed age 40. Early analysis consistently assists with treating the patient totally. Understanding assessment is finished after the determination of bosom disease. Choice of treatment will rely on the phase of infection, the age and menopausal status, the PR and ER status report of the tumor, proliferative limit of the tumor. Bosom malignancy is treated by mix of one or a few treatments, for example, radiation treatment, chemotherapy or hormone treatment (National Cancer Institute, 2014). Being truly dynamic, keeping up an appropriate weight and constraining liquor admission lessens danger of bosom malignant growth. Normal screening is fundamental to forestall bosom malignant growth coming to a propelled stage (American Cancer Society (2013). On the off chance that measurements is to be accepted, bosom malignant growth is unquestionably on ascend in most recent couple of decades. Up until this point, clinical science can't comprehend the genuine causes behind bosom malignant growth. It is completely reparable when identified early and for that yearly screening after age 40 is

Secret Source for DIY College Planning

HomePlanCollege SearchSecret Source for DIY College PlanningThis page may contain affiliate links.Nov 17, 2014Michelle Kretzshmar was used to doing things on her own, especially as it came to home schooling her son. She also has a background in data analysis. So when it came time to start the college planning process, she got down to work, searched out the necessary information, and dug into the data. Her efforts helped her son find a school that fit him academically, fit their family financially (average merit aid of $15,000), and also allowed him to play baseball. But she didn’t stop there. With all her newfound knowledge, Michelle realized most other parents couldn’t do the analysis she had done on her own, so a website was born:  DIY College Rankings. Data In All Shapes and Sizes DIY College Rankings has all types of data and lists. Here’s a sampling of some: college endowment per student, colleges with no application fees, colleges that provide the most financial aid, colleges with highest percentage of freshmen that receive financial aid, average net tuition price for parents in highest income bracket, and more and more. The website highlights data that should be looked at when comparing schools which many parents and students may overlook, such as graduation rates, percent of financial need meet and percent of merit scholarships awarded. It turns out colleges share a special set of data, called the  common data set  which contains pieces of information that are very â€Å"telling† about a school. Just google any school you are interested in along with â€Å"common data set 2013† and you’ll find the most recent information. Although the information is publically available on a single school basis, most college search sites do not include important information from this source to use for comparing schools. If you’re interested to see a list with information from the common data set, I suggest downloading  DIY College Rankings College Search Spreadsheet. It costs $42, which I think is a bargain to have all this information at your fingertips. The spreadsheet comes  pre filled  with valuable  information for every four-year institution with 500 students or more. You can use this spreadsheet to sort and search for schools based on the included information and then add pieces of unique information for schools you and your student are most interested. Importance of Graduation Rates Harping back to her own college thesis work on high school graduation rates, Michelle realized that graduation rates were rarely talked about when families started searching for and comparing colleges.   So she began listing colleges by their average 4 year graduation rates* and created her own list called  The 50/50  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ colleges where acceptance rates are 50% or higher AND 4 year graduation rates are 50% or higher.   Here’s a list where a student has a good chance of getting in and a good chance of graduating. The DIY College Rankings website is a plethora of information, but it can sometimes be overwhelming. Start early and go slow. Knowledge is power and will help you and your student find a college that fits you well academically and financially. *When looking at graduation rates on college websites, most rates reflect the average 6 year graduation rate, not 4 year. Understand more about  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why YOU Should Care about College Graduation Rates†Ã‚  Ã‚  . Road2College Debbie Schwartz is former financial services executive and founder of Road2College and the Paying For College 101 Facebook group. She's dedicated to providing families with trustworthy information about college admissions and paying for college. With data, tools and access to experts she's helping families become educated consumers of higher ed. View all posts CATEGORIES College SearchPlanUncategorized TAGS College AdmissionsCollege PlanningDIY College PlanningGoing to CollegeNEWER POSTWhat I Would Have Done Differently Applying To CollegeOLDER POSTCollege Admissions Acceptance Rates 2014

Violent Televisions Influlence on Childrens Behaviour Essay

Violent Televisions Influlence on Childrens Behaviour Concern about children and popular media has a long history. Plato proposed to ban poets from his ideal republic, because he feared that their stories about immoral behaviour would corrupt young minds. In modern times, moral pressure groups have tried to protect children from popular literature, the music hall, the cinema, comics, television and video nasties. Its important to see the issue of TV violence and childrens behaviour in a broader social, cultural and historical context. Why is it such a popular subject? This isnt often the fate of academic research issues. Well, it may be partly that its a convenient scapegoat. Blaming the†¦show more content†¦This perspective represents the dominant paradigm in TV research. In its crudest form the relationship between children and television is portrayed as a matter of single cause and direct effect, which puts this kind of research firmly in the behaviourist tradition: based on whats sometimes referred to as the magic bullet theory. Approaches have become more sophisticated in recent decades, stressing such complicating factors as the variety of audiences, individual differences and the importance of intervening variables. The early survey work in the 1950s by Wilbur Schramm and his colleagues in the US and by Hilde Himmelweit and her colleagues in Britain are remarkably cautious compared with many later studies. Both present children as active agents rather than passive victims, unlike most of the research in the 1960s. Both Schramm and Himmelweit suggested that the effects of television violence vary according to the personal and social characteristics of viewers, and according to how violent acts were portrayed. Sociological research has in fact tended to stress longer-term changes in behaviour and the enmeshing of television with the rest of social life, whereas psychological research has tended to focus on short-term changes in behaviour, treated in isolation in the

Vichy France The French Turning Against themselves, to...

Vichy France is a period of French history that has only fairly recently begun to be examined for what it truly is: a period in which many of the French turned against their own state and collaborated with the German forces to betray their own country. Until the eighties, the Vichy Regime was regarded as â€Å"an aberration in the evolution of the French Republic† (Munholland, 1994) , repressed by the French in an attempt to regain their national pride. ‘Lacombe Lucien’ (1974), directed by Louis Malle is a film which aims to capture the ambiguity of the era through the documentation of fictional collaborateur, Lucien. Lucien is an uneducated country boy with highly apolitical views, as is apparent from his lack of attention to the radio†¦show more content†¦However, Malle disputes this idea that Lucien or other collaborators in his situation were evil, with the notion that â€Å"Lucien was a victim of circumstance, his misadventure an accident that could have befallen others like him† (Jankiwski, 1991). This is apparent within the film as we know that Lucien often felt ostracised, through Malle’s use of the mise-en-scene. For example, there are several shots taken from inside a window with Lucien looking inwards from the outside. This highlights his exclusion from the others within village and therefore created a need for him to have somewhere to belong. This idea is consolidated with the fact that he only joined the Milice after being rejected from the French resistance, implying that he was indeed searching for a cause. Furthermore, his father is in prison for the duration of the film, so his initiation into the Milice may have been an attempt to have create an authority figure for himself. When all these factors are assembled, it is obvious that he would have been highly impressionable, particularly to the advances of the Milice, who were altruistic towards him when no one else was. In a sense, Lucien was seduced by the Milice. This is similar to the experiences of many other collaborators, as they were seduced into collaborating through short-term ecomonical benefits such as the promise of a better paying job in Germany that involved helping the war efforts of the opposingShow MoreRelatedThe Major Turning Points Of World History2072 Words   |  9 PagesMajor Turning Points There are many events, revolutions, and wars that have set the stage for the world we live in today. Some of these events were caused by radical citizens, some by leaders, and some by problems with other countries. 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Romeo Juliet Act 3 Scene 5 Essay Example For Students

Romeo Juliet Act 3 Scene 5 Essay The situation is that Juliet is married to Romeo but without the consent or knowledge of her or Romeos parents. The only other people who know of Juliets and Romeos betrolal are the nurse and the fair Lawance. Faria Lawance married the couple but some would argue that it was only in the interests of him. People would argue this because Faria Lawance was an unknown, non-famous enterty, so he was to bring to together the two biggest gangs in Veriona, he would go down in history. This is unknown to either Romeo or Juliet; the couple believe that Faria Lawance acted in the best interests for the couple not himself. The language which is used between the two lovers is very different to how Romeo speaks to his friends the Montugues or his enemies the Capulets. Romeo speaks of love and dieing for love, as does Juliet when taking to Romeo. During this emotional scene Romeo speaks of dieing for Juliet, this is ironic because the audience know that eventual each dieing for each other. Shakespeare writes it in this way because it engrosses the audience within the scene. Juliet notes to Romeo about the nightingale still singing, this make Romeo stay because Romeo will only go at first light, so if a night bird such as the nightingale is still singing it must infer that it is still night. If I was directing the scene between Romeo and Juliet I would place Juliet higher than Romeo. The reason for placing Juliet higher than Romeo is to show that, even though Juliet is younger she still has a great love for Romeo. To set the actors like this is to create an effect of a sea-saw on the audience. If Juliet was higher than Romeo and the same age as Romeo then it would give the impression that Juliet had more love for him. But as Juliet is younger the age gap metaphorically drags Juliet down to Romeos level, therefore evening out their love for each other. This would act of dragging Juliet down to Romeos level of love though her age intensifies the lack of reasoning the young couple have. Showing that Juliet is coming down to a level gives a feeling of depression or lack of knowledge. This act makes the audience believe that the young couple have rushed into their act of marriage when they dont actually love each other at all. This blocking of the actors and scenery will then show later, when the two die for each other, how much they did love each other deeply, so by correct the audience of their view on the young lovers love. After Juliet and Romeo depart from each others embraces Lady Capulet walks in on Juliet. At that moment in time Lady Capulet does not know of the couples marriage. Lady Capulet had come to talk to Juliet about arranging a marriage for Juliet to Paris. Juliet doesnt know about the intentions of her mother until later in the duologue. At first the two speak of the death of Juliets cousin. Juliet makes out to be weeping his death and would like to kill whoever did it. Lady Capulet then tells Juliet that Romeo committed this sinful act, Juliet disusing her love for Romeo, speaks of death and destruction of him. In Juliets dialogue to her mother she says such lines as Indeed I will never be satisfied with Romeo until I have him in my arms -dead- is my poor heart for a kinsman vexd. To lady Capulet this sounds like Juliet wants Romeo dead, but if she had listened to what Juliet really meant is that she wants Romeo in her arms, Dead is my poor heart. Lady Capulet heard that Juliet wants Romeo in her arms, dead. Juliet uses intelligent word plays too explain her love for Romeo. This is all to no avail because later in the duologue Juliet releases her true feelings. This happens when Lady Capulet tells Juliet of Lady Capulets intention for Juliet to marry Paris. Juliet then finds herself telling her mother of her true feelings and intentions towards Romeo. The language used between the mother and daughter changes throughout the duologue. At first Lady Capulet is sympathetic towards Juliet because she is under the impression that Juliet is morning her cousins death, but as duologue continues the mothers speech turns from sympathetic to demanding. The turning point in the mothers speech is the line Find thou the means, and Ill find such a man this starts the mothers demands for Juliet to marry Paris. During Juliets speech she uses double meanings and puns get across her feelings for Romeo. Juliet knows that if she keeps all her feeling locked up inside herself she just get depress from be blocked by society. Donne's poem, EssayThis would show to the audience that even though Juliet loves a sworn rival she still loves her father, but her father is unable to see that, so Capulet should kick her away from him to show disgust in her. As Capulet starts turn and walk away from Juliet, Juliet should jump from the floor and grab his arm. Capulet should then turn and slap Juliet. Juliet will then fall to the floor holding the red mark which her father has just inflicted on her; the nurse then should go over and mother the child from this beating. Lady Capulet and Capulet should strut out to show how they believe that Juliet is second rate to them and not worthy in their family. As the nurse mothers the beaten child, the nurse contradicts the words which she had spoken previously. The nurse says how she thinks that Juliet after marring Romeo should go and marry Paris for her fathers sake. The Nurse says lines like I think it best you married with the country, this is the complete opposite of what the nurse had said to Juliet earlier in the performance. The nurse states the good side of Paris stating that hes a lovely gentleman, hoping this will appeal to her and draw her away from Romeos violence. Juliet in response finds it hard to see how the nurse, once so proud and overjoyed for the love between Romeo and Juliet, now says that is best not to marry for love, but for honour and her family. The nurses language within this scene is confuting but forceful. The nurse tells Juliet that what she said about marrying Romeo, a rival to her father, family and to Juliet, is idiocy. This is when the nurse had said that marring Romeo was right and good earlier in the performance. It is arguable that the nurse was only acting in the best interests of herself. The nurse may have only be telling Juliet this because if Capulet and Lady Capulet were to find out who assisted Juliet get married, the parents would only act in the most aggressive ways. So by persuading Juliet to marry Paris she would not only be covering her tracks of helping Juliet get married to Romeo, but would assist Lady Capulet and Capulet getting Juliet to marry Paris, there by keeping her job as the nurse and being on the good side of the parents. Juliets agrees with the nurses idea of marring Paris but knows that she will never go through with it. Juliets language and the words which she says are much different to what is meant by them. During this scene I would have Juliet and the nurse sitting on the floor together with Juliet crying into the nurses blouse. As the scene progresses the nurse should left Juliet up onto the bed but Juliet should still be crying into the nurse. The nurse should be stroking Juliets head and speaking very softly to her, just as a mother would to a child. This would signify the real connection between the nurse and the child. As the nurses speech continues and she speaks of leaving Romeo for Paris, Juliet should pull her head away from the blouse and her facial expression should change to confusion. The nurse should always be under the impression that Juliet is understanding and agreeing with everything that she is saying. So to conclude the language within each duologue changes as the characters become more and more aware of their situations. Most of the duologues start with a depression about Juliets cousins death and moves onto Juliet being blamed for the loved of a rival. Son the movement of the scene is split up into 4 duologues. Each duologue is about the same person, Romeo, but the way in which each duologue are spoken changes from character to character. The themes and ideas expressed within the scene can be related in todays society. The themes such as loving another which displeases the parents can be related to very common events which happen in households across the world. For example; the marriage between to ethnic groups may displease some people saying how it is wrong, you should never marry out of your race. So in that sense Romeo and Juliet is a story way ahead of its time, its a story which is applicable to years ago and years to come.

Teaching-Learning Process free essay sample

here are various Models and Definitions, when one speaks about Teaching-Learning Process. This process is not a linear sequence of events but rather a dynamic phenomenon. It is infact an integrated process in the field of education,where, the prime focus is to empower learners to think for themselves. Teaching is not merely information or knowledge, but also an expression of values and attitudes. What teachers usually get back from their students is what they themselves have brought to the teaching-learning process. A student-centred approach which actively engages the young person in the learning process is critical. As the saying goes,Tell me and Ill forget; show me and I may remember; involve me and Ill understand It is critical that teachers use a range of teaching strategies to effectively meet the needs of individual learners. The teacher needs to accept his/her learners for who they are and also needs to impart a sense of self-confidence, while at the same time respecting learners attempts. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching-Learning Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unlike a book where the flow of knowledge is unidirectional,this phenomenon is a two-way flow of knowledge which comprises disscusion,interaction and reflection. Technology has long been used as a support for learning, for example, the use of radio, film and overheads. During the past several decades, however, the advancement of technology has led to comprehensive meeting and teaching via more advanced technologies like audioconferencing, videoconferencing, webconferencing and online learning management systems (LMS). These new technologies are rapidly changing the face of education. Wise employment of technology will no doubt enhance the quality of Education. The school environment also plays a pivotal role in the Teaching-Learning Process. It must be a supportive and non-threatening one in which both the students and the teacher are comfortable. This is critical for the child’s cognitive,physical, social and emotional growth. But as a teacher on emust always remember,Its not what is poured into

Free Essays on Comparison Of O And Othello

Comparison of O and Othello O and Lawrence Fishburne’s Othello are both contemporary film interpretations of Shakespeare’s Othello. Both movies are uniform in the recreation of William Shakespeare’s original play of Othello. The plot of revenge was presently coherent to the original play with each interpretation differentiating from one another. This essay will focus on the difference between the relationship of Iago’s character and Othello’s character and on the consistency of how Othello’s character was viewed by other characters in the production. The movie O was a more modernized remake version of Shakespeare’s Othello. The concept of a black guy being the main character stayed the same but The relationship between Othello and Iago’s characters was interpreted differently in the two films. In O, Iago’s character, Hugo, did not have a very close relationship to Othello’s +character, O. They were just teammates who had played ball with each other for a long time. In Fishburne’s Othello, the relationship between Othello and Iago is very intimate. Othello and Iago are consistently together and they share many conversations. The interpretation in Lawrence Fishburne’s Othello is more in sync with the original play. One major consistency between the two plays is how Othello’s character is viewed by the other characters of the production. In both interpretations, Othello’s character, a black man, is surrounded by a predominately white society. He is looked upon as a hero by the people as shown through the special treatment and respect that Othello’s character receives. However, there seems to be a feeling of superiority among the white people. This implied racism relates directly to the society of William Shakespeare who associated black people with monsters. This essay focuses on the difference between the relationship of Iago’s character and Othello’s character and on the consistency of how ... Free Essays on Comparison Of O And Othello Free Essays on Comparison Of O And Othello Comparison of O and Othello O and Lawrence Fishburne’s Othello are both contemporary film interpretations of Shakespeare’s Othello. Both movies are uniform in the recreation of William Shakespeare’s original play of Othello. The plot of revenge was presently coherent to the original play with each interpretation differentiating from one another. This essay will focus on the difference between the relationship of Iago’s character and Othello’s character and on the consistency of how Othello’s character was viewed by other characters in the production. The movie O was a more modernized remake version of Shakespeare’s Othello. The concept of a black guy being the main character stayed the same but The relationship between Othello and Iago’s characters was interpreted differently in the two films. In O, Iago’s character, Hugo, did not have a very close relationship to Othello’s +character, O. They were just teammates who had played ball with each other for a long time. In Fishburne’s Othello, the relationship between Othello and Iago is very intimate. Othello and Iago are consistently together and they share many conversations. The interpretation in Lawrence Fishburne’s Othello is more in sync with the original play. One major consistency between the two plays is how Othello’s character is viewed by the other characters of the production. In both interpretations, Othello’s character, a black man, is surrounded by a predominately white society. He is looked upon as a hero by the people as shown through the special treatment and respect that Othello’s character receives. However, there seems to be a feeling of superiority among the white people. This implied racism relates directly to the society of William Shakespeare who associated black people with monsters. This essay focuses on the difference between the relationship of Iago’s character and Othello’s character and on the consistency of how ...

Compare two different case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare two different - Case Study Example The third aspect of similarity is that both rulings are appealed, the absence of personal jurisdiction is challenged and the rulings are reversed. The cases are different in that in Bombliss v. Cornelsen, Bombliss is the plaintiff and Cornelsen, the defendant. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, Internet Solutions Corp is the plaintiff and Tabitha Marshall, the defendant. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, the final ruling is made in the Florida Supreme Court while Bombliss v. Cornelsen is settled in the Appellate Court of Illinois. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, the contention is Fla. Stat. section 48.193(1) (b): whether or not the material posted online on a Florida resident must only have its access restricted to Florida. In the case, Bombliss v. Cornelsen the contention is whether or not the contacts between Cornelsen and Bombliss are adequate to establish personal jurisdiction, and thereby satisfying due process. in the event that Tabitha Marshall had committed the defamation, the court would establish whether the claim the plaintiff pressed for in the court are commensurate with the damages. The court would then make a ruling to the effect that Marshall pays for the damages that the plaintiff, Internet Solutions Corp incurred because of the information she had posted in the website. In the event that Marshall is unable to pay for the damages, Marshall would be subjected to a prison

Criminal justice-Deterrence theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal justice-Deterrence theory - Essay Example The Deterrence Theory explains that punishing the criminal will make them not to repeat the crime, and will discourage the public from being engaged in similar criminal activities. On this base, it follows that the level of punishment should match the impacts of the crime in question. Certainty operates in Deterrence Theory in that when people are accused of a crime, they must be punished to avert repetition of the crime (Vito, Maahs, and Holmes, 66). Severity implies that punishment because of a crime should be as severe as the affects it had on those it affected. Severity relates to deterrence theory in that criminals should be punished in accordance to the crimes they did, and the punishment should stop them from repeating the crime. Celerity refers to the speed at which punishment is given to a criminal, and it operates in Deterrence Theory in that criminals should be punished as soon as they commit the crime so that their memory is still fresh of the actions they committed. The most significant of the three is certainty as it refers to the surety that a criminal will be caught and be punished (Wright, pp 5). Severity and celerity would not be in existence if certainty did not operate since if the criminals were not caught and punishment would not be guaranteed. This stops people from engaging in crime since they know the consequence of their actions is punishment. Persistent thieves do not operate in accordance to crime as choice model since they know the consequence, which is punishment to stop them from repeating the crime, and they still engage in theft (Vito, Maahs, and Holmes, 69). Increasing the length of jail terms for criminals who have been caught stealing under the influence of drugs will be crucial in their correction since they will be deterred from repeating the crime. In most cases, they steal because they want to buy the

Best Vacation Essay Example for Free

Best Vacation Essay Are you in the mood to relax, take in the sun, and have people cater to you? If so, you should take my advice and go on a cruise. My family and I took a four-day, three-night cruise on Royal Caribbean’s Sovereign of the Seas three years ago and it was the best vacation we have ever had. Nothing else mattered but what was in that moment. Though getting to the ship took a lot of time, the cruise was a place to get away, have no worries, and feel like a queen. I packed, wondering if I had forgotten anything I would need and thought to myself, is it worth all this hassle? My family and I planned to drive from Austin, Texas, to Galveston, Texas and stop in Texas City, Texas for the night. We did not want to waste a moment of our vacation so we stopped and visited our family in different towns on the way. We arrived at Texas City that night, rented a room and went right to bed. The drive had exhausted all of us and all we could think about was a good night’s sleep and the hopes of a better, less exhausting day tomorrow. We got up the next morning around six a. m. ate breakfast, and got on the road to the ship. Finally, we made it. There it was, the biggest ship I had ever seen in my life. It was a city on water. We checked in and walked into the main lobby of the ship. When we entered, my family and I looked at each other as if to say â€Å"Oh my god. Do we belong here? This is the classiest place I have ever seen. † A gentleman who reassured us we were in the correct place greeted us. He made us feel as if he would have spent all day with us just making sure we had everything we needed. We then went to our room and found chocolates on our pillows, a cute monkey made out of towels hanging from the ceiling, and a mini bar full of all the drinks we could drink. We all knew that at this moment we were going to have a vacation of a lifetime. That evening we spent the rest of the day exploring the ship as if it was a maze that needed solving. The next morning my family and I decided to have breakfast. There were so many places to choose from it was hard to decide. We could dine at one of the buffets, in a formal dining room, or out on the deck. We finally made the choice to dine in one of the formal dining rooms. At once, a waiter was at our table assuring us we were the most important customers he had and anything we needed was his pleasure to provide. After breakfast, we spent that first day going in and out of shops and resting on the deck looking out over the ocean. At this point, we were so relaxed we felt like we could melt. There were no worries here and the hardest job we had was deciding what to wear that day. I wondered if this is the way the rich and famous feel. The next day was a very exciting day for us. We were stopping at Cocoa Cay, a small private island. My family was ready to explore and I was ready for the snorkeling excursion. Everyone loaded up on small boats and little by little, we all made it to the island. As soon as I stepped off the boat, I stepped into sand that was as white as snow. The water was crystal clear like the water coming from a mountain spring. My family hurried away to start exploring and I headed for the snorkeling gear. I put all the gear on and into the translucent water I dove. As I submerged myself into this undersea world all the sounds around me ceased. I could hear the heart beat of the ocean swishing around me. As I looked around, I noticed the colors were shimmering in this underwater world. I could see luminously colored fish and coral all around me. Spectacularly colored fish of all shapes and sizes swam around me as if to say hello. I caught a glimpse of a stingray as he glided by aimlessly. The next day we woke up with a sense of wretchedness. It was our last day and we were not looking forward to going back to our everyday life. We were treated as if we were royalty and hated to give this up. We went back home to the same routine. We had to go back to work and do our daily chores. I caught myself daydreaming about the cruise and the carefree life we experienced there. If anyone would like to relax, take in the sun, and have people cater to you, a cruise is definitely the vacation you should choose.

Prejudice and Racism in America :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

In America there seems to be a major problem. It has hindered this country since America was founded. It has been used against Native Americans, Japanese, and Black Americans. The problem is racism. If this country wants to become truly great racism must be eliminated. Racism began when someone thought they were better than someone else. One source said, " Racism began during the Enlightenment Period in Europe" ( D' Sourza 87). Now organizations like the Ku Klux Klan and the Islamic movement are promoting and continuing the terrible problem. As a consequence, a bad effect on this country is inevitable. Racism has had a bad effect on this country. Incidents like the Rodney King beating and the O. J. Simpson verdict have practically split this country into two sides. " When white policemen routinely stop black people for traffic violations, they feel a deep resentment for the O. J. Simpson verdict and look for any reason to take out their anger on the unlucky black victim" ( Kennedy 72). The only solution to this problem is to eliminate racism. No one can deny the effect racism has had on America; so we must do our best to stop it.. to end racism we must be able to understand each other. " In a recent poll, 11% of whites thought that blacks were lazy, yet 76% of blacks think whites think they are lazy" ("color" 41). It is this kind of misunderstanding that racism thrives on. If we work harder to understand each other better, racism would have a harder time existing. There is no doubt that we need to find a solution to racism. It has torn this country apart, and the aftermath of this invisible enemy will be devastating if something is not done to stop it. Before this country can become truly great, a solution must be found and racism eliminated. In America there seems to be a major problem. It has hindered this country since America was founded. It has been used against Native Americans, Japanese, and Black Americans. The problem is racism. If this country wants to become truly great racism must be eliminated. Racism began when someone thought they were better than someone else.

Code of Conduct and Policies for Meal and Snack Time

Unit 001 Introduction to Communication in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings. Outcome 1 Reasons why people communicate People communicate because they feel the need to express themselves when they feel the need to chat or discuss or pass on information to an individual person or a group of people. How does effective communication affect all aspects of work? Effective communication affects all aspects of your own work in many ways.If the correct information is given in the first place then nothing should go wrong as in any misconception of what has been passed on. (If everyone involved is singing from the same song sheet then nothing can go wrong ! ) Also by being effective with your communication means that everyone is working to the same standards of work and hopefully in a consistent manner. Why do you think it is important to observe individual’s reactions when communicating with them?It is important to observe individual’s re actions when communicating with them because you can identify if they agree or not with you or if they fully understand what the information is actually being verbally passed onto them at that time. You can observe this by their body language and facial expressions. These can both determine if they are showing any positive or negative behavioural and or facial expressions. Positive being – Good eye contact / Nodding of the head/Agreeing to what is being said. Negative being – Poor eye contact or lack of/Frowning/Arms folded crossed. Candidate Jo Davies-Collins

Stratification Of Social Class And Youth And The Life...

Stratification of social class in the media Social class stratification continues to have a very important role in the life of people living in the U.S. and all around the world. The different class of people in the U.S. is based on several reasons. For this essay, we are going to examine the socio-economic background, level of education of the youth and the life style of an individual. A good question is how does the social class stratification originates?, why do middle class youths turn to be more successful than working class youths? Children get their first exposure of what society is all about from their parents who is the primary group. The school, teachers, and community serves as the secondary group and has an impact on the development of the child. It is during the up bringing of a child that the mores of the society should be assimilated. Failure to do so, the child becomes unproductive and feels rejected by the society and unfortunately, this child might end up with a deviant character. On average, educated people earn more than those who are not educated, and their wealth and knowledge gain is passed to their generation. To have a quality life people need to be educated. The more skills an individual acquires the better chances his/her has to be successful. The community and the life style of a child affect his/her progress, the kind of neighborhood or friend a child makes will influence the direction this child will take. Diverse communities hold differentShow MoreRelatedSubcultures And Its Influence On Contemporary Society1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout history attempted to identify themselves from what is considered societies definition of normal (ref). This form of indifference against the majority agreed upon social construction of society, is expressed in a multitude of ways. 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Pakistan And The Nuclear Bomb Motivations Exposed...

Pakistan and the Nuclear Bomb: Motivations Exposed through a Constructivist Lens Intro It is easy to try to frame the actions of the Pakistani government in its quest for nuclear weapons from a realist perspective. Essentially, this is to say that a realist views any state as a rational actor which desires to gain and maintain its own status as a world power player in a system of international anarchy – which is to say there is no entity superior to the state. Additionally, each state will seek to maximize its own self-interests vis-à  -vis its military and non-military political capabilities in order to ensure state survival and continuity of the governing regime. Body As Alexander Wendt said, â€Å"anarchy is what states make of it†. In order to demonstrate why Pakistan’s pursuit of becoming a nuclear weapon state is constructivism, it is vital to understand the history between Pakistan and India. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is considered to be a rising star within the international community. According to the Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook, â€Å"The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved.† The emergence of this persisting rivalry began with the partition of British India, which mostly divided Pakistan and India along ethnic and religious lines. The relationship between India and Pakistan further devolved with three conflicts, starting in

Quantitative Research Methods For Research - 1077 Words

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It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Crime statistics is used to compare rates over time, measure police efficiency, help the police to concentrate resources and to provide the public with information about criminal activity. Crime figures isn’t as reliable as not all crimes are recorded by the police, there is evidence of a ‘dark figureShow MoreRelatedResearch Methods Of Quantitative Research1087 Words   |  5 Pages Week 2 Assignment Adam Morrison PSY 326 Research Methods Jessica Lee Qualitative researchers are focused on interpreting and making sense out of what they observe rather than trying to simplify and quantify these observations by collecting and observing people, places and things in their natural setting. 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Warm Bodies Chapter 5 Free Essays

string(34) " It starts with R\?’ I nod\." I take Julie to the food court, and she gives me an odd look when I immediately start moving towards the Thai restaurant. As we get closer she cringes and covers her nose. ‘Oh God,’ she moans. We will write a custom essay sample on Warm Bodies Chapter 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The warming bins in front are frothing with dried-up rot, dead maggots and mould. I’m pretty much impervious to odour by now, but judging by Julie’s expression, it’s foul. We dig around in the back room for a while, but the airport’s intermittent power means the freezers only work part-time, so everything inside is rancid. I head towards the burger joint. Julie gives me that quizzical look again and follows me. In the walk-in freezer we find a few burger patties that are currently cold, but have clearly been thawed and refrozen many times. Dead flies speckle the white freezer floor. Julie sighs. ‘Well?’ I look off into the distance, thinking. The airport does have a sushi bar . . . but I remember a little about sushi, and if a few hours can spoil a fresh hamachi fillet, I don’t want to see what years can do. ‘God,’ Julie says as I stand there deliberating, ‘you really know how to plan a dinner date.’ She opens a few boxes of mouldy buns, wrinkles up her nose. ‘You’ve never done this before, have you? Taken a human home alive?’ I shake my head apologetically, but I wince at her use of the word ‘human’. I’ve never liked that differentiation. She is Living and I’m Dead, but I’d like to believe we’re both human. Call me an idealist. I raise a finger as if to stall her. ‘One . . . more place.’ We walk to an unmarked side area of the food court. Several doors later, we’re in the airport’s central storage area. I prise open a freezer door and a cloud of icy air billows out. I hide my relief. This was starting to get awkward. We step inside and stand among shelves stacked high with in-flight meal trays. ‘What have we here . . .’ Julie says, and starts digging through the low shelves, inspecting the Salisbury steaks and processed potatoes. Thanks to whatever glorious preservatives they contain, the meals appear to be edible. Julie scans the labels on the upper shelves she can’t reach and suddenly beams, showing rows of white teeth that childhood braces made perfect. ‘Look, pad thai! I love . . .’ She trails off, looking at me uneasily. She points to the shelf. ‘I’ll have that.’ I stretch over her head and grab an armful of frozen pad thai. I don’t want any of the Dead to see Julie eating this lifeless waste, these empty calories, so I lead her to a table hidden behind some collapsed postcard kiosks. I try to steer her as far away from the School as possible, but we can still hear the wretched screams echoing down the halls. Julie keeps her face utterly placid during even the shrillest wails, doing everything short of whistling a tune to show that she doesn’t notice the carnage. Is this for my benefit, or hers? We sit down at the cafe table and I set one of the meal trays in front of her. ‘En . . . joy,’ I say. She jabs at the frozen-solid noodles with a plastic fork. She looks at me. ‘You really don’t remember much, do you? How long has it been since you ate real food?’ I shrug. ‘How long has it been since you . . . died or whatever?’ I tap a finger against my temple and shake my head. She looks me over. ‘Well, it can’t have been very long. You look pretty good for a corpse.’ I wince again at her language, but I realise she can’t possibly know the sensitive cultural connotations of the word ‘corpse’. M uses it sometimes as a joke, and I use it myself in some of my darker moments, but coming from an outsider it ignites a defensive indignation she wouldn’t understand. I breathe deep and let it go. ‘Anyway, I can’t eat it like this,’ she says, pushing her plastic fork into the food until one of the tines snaps. ‘I’m going to go find a microwave. Hold on.’ She gets up and wanders into one of the empty restaurants. She has forgotten her shamble, and her hips sway rhythmically. It’s risky, but I find myself not caring. ‘Here we go,’ she says when she comes back, taking a deep whiff of spicy steam. ‘Mmm. I haven’t had Thai in for ever. We don’t do real food at the Stadium any more, just basic nutrition and Carbtein. Carbtein tablets, Carbtein powder, Carbtein juice. Jesus H. Gross.’ She sits down and takes a bite of freezer-burned tofu. ‘Oh wow. That’s almost tasty.’ I sit there and watch her eat. I notice she seems to be having trouble getting the clumpy, congealed noodles down her throat. I fetch a lukewarm bottle of beer from the restaurant’s cooler and set it on the table. Julie stops eating and looks at the bottle. She looks at me and smiles. ‘Why, Mr Zombie, you read my mind.’ She twists off the cap and takes a long drink. ‘I haven’t had beer in a while, either. No mind-altering substances allowed in the Stadium. Have to stay alert at all times, stay vigilant, blah blah blah.’ She takes another drink and gives me an appraising look laced with sarcasm. ‘Maybe you’re not such a monster, Mr Zombie. I mean, anyone who appreciates a good beer is at least halfway okay in my book.’ I look at her and hold a hand to my chest. ‘My . . . name . . .’ I wheeze, but can’t think how to continue. She sets the beer down and leans forward a little. ‘You have a name?’ I nod. Her lip curls in an amused half-smile. ‘What’s your name?’ I close my eyes and think hard, trying to pull it out of the void, but I’ve tried this so many times before. ‘Rrr,’ I say, trying to pronounce it. ‘Rur? Your name is Rur?’ I shake my head. ‘Rrrrr . . .’ ‘Rrr? It starts with R?’ I nod. ‘Robert?’ I shake my head. ‘Rick? Rodney?’ I shake my head. ‘Uh . . . Rambo?’ I let out a sigh and look at the table. ‘How about I just call you â€Å"R†? That’s a start, right?’ My eyes dart to hers. ‘R.’ A slow smile creeps across my face. ‘Hi, R,’ she says. ‘I’m Julie. But you knew that already, didn’t you. Guess I’m a fucking celebrity.’ She nudges the beer towards me. ‘Have a drink.’ I eye the bottle for a second, feeling a strange kind of nausea at the thought of what’s inside. Dark amber emptiness. Lifeless piss. But I don’t want to ruin this improbably warm moment with my stupid undead hang-ups. I accept the beer and take a long pull. I can feel it trickling through tiny perforations in my stomach and dampening my shirt. And to my amazement, I can feel a slight buzz spreading through my brain. This isn’t possible, of course, since I have no blood-stream for the alcohol to enter, but I feel it anyway. Is it psychosomatic? Maybe a distant memory of the drinking experience left over from my old life? If so, apparently I was a lightweight. Julie grins at my stupefied expression. ‘Drink up,’ she says. ‘I’m actually more of a wine girl anyway.’ I take another pull. I can taste her raspberry lip gloss on the rim. I find myself imagining her dolled up for a concert, her neck-length hair swept and styled, her small body radiant in a red party dress, and me kissing her, the lipstick smearing onto my mouth, spreading bright rouge onto my grey lips . . . I slide the bottle a safe distance away from me. Julie chuckles and returns to her food. She pokes at it for a few minutes, ignoring my presence at the table. I’m about to make a doomed attempt at small talk when she looks up at me, all traces of joviality gone from her face, and says, ‘So, â€Å"R†. Why are you keeping me here?’ The question hits me like a surprise slap. I look at the ceiling. I gesture around at the airport in general, towards the distant groans of my fellow Dead. ‘Keep you safe.’ ‘Bullshit.’ There is silence. She looks at me hard. My eyes retreat. ‘Listen,’ she says. ‘I get that you saved my life back there in the city. And I guess I’m grateful for that. So, yeah. Thanks for saving my life. Or sparing my life. Whatever. But you walked me into this place, I’m sure you could walk me out. So again: why are you keeping me here?’ Her eyes are like hot irons on the side of my face, and I realise I can’t escape. I put a hand on my chest, over my heart. My ‘heart’. Does that pitiful organ still represent anything? It lies motionless in my chest, pumping no blood, serving no purpose, and yet my feelings still seem to originate inside its cold walls. My muted sadness, my vague longing, my rare flickers of joy. They pool in the centre of my chest and seep out from there, diluted and faint, but real. I press my hand against my heart. Then I reach slowly towards Julie, and press against hers. Somehow, I manage to meet her eyes. She looks down at my hand, then gives me a dry stare. ‘Are you. Fucking. Kidding me.’ I withdraw my hand and drop my eyes to the table, grateful that I’m incapable of blushing. ‘Need . . . to wait,’ I mumble. ‘They . . . think you’re . . . new convert. They’ll notice.’ ‘How long?’ ‘Few . . . days. They’ll . . . forget.’ ‘Jesus Christ,’ she sighs, and covers her eyes with her hand, shaking her head. ‘You’ll . . . be okay,’ I tell her. ‘Promise.’ She ignores this. She pulls an iPod out of her pocket and stuffs the earbuds into her ears. She returns to her food, listening to music that’s just a faint hiss to me. This date is not going well. Once again the absurdity of my inner thoughts overwhelms me, and I want to crawl out of my skin, escape my ugly, awkward flesh and be a skeleton, naked and anonymous. I’m about to stand up and leave when Julie pulls a bud out of one ear and gives me a squinting, penetrating look. ‘You’re . . . different, aren’t you?’ she says. I don’t respond. ‘Because I’ve never heard a zombie talk, other than â€Å"brains!† and all that silly groaning. And I’ve never seen a zombie take any interest in humans beyond eating them. I’ve definitely never had one buy me a drink. Are there . . . others like you?’ Again I feel the urge to blush. ‘Don’t . . . know.’ She pushes her noodles around the plate. ‘A few days,’ she repeats. I nod. ‘What am I supposed to do here till it’s safe to run away? I hope you don’t expect me to just sit in your housejet taking blood baths all week.’ I think for a moment. A rainbow of images floods my head, probably snippets of old movies I’ve seen, all sappy and romantic and utterly impossible. I have got to get ahold of myself. ‘I’ll . . . entertain,’ I say eventually, and offer an unconvincing smile. ‘You are . . . guest.’ She rolls her eyes and resumes eating. The second earbud is still sitting on the table. Without looking up from her plate she casually offers it to me. I stick it in my ear, and the voice of Paul McCartney drifts into my head, singing all those wistful antonyms, yes/no, high/low, hello/goodbye/hello. ‘You know John Lennon hated this song?’ Julie says as it plays, speaking in my direction but not really addressing me. ‘He thought it was meaningless gibberish. Funny coming from the guy who wrote â€Å"I Am the Walrus†.’ ‘Goo goo . . . g’joob,’ I say. She stops, looks at me, tilts her head in pleasant surprise. ‘Yeah, exactly, right?’ She takes a sip of the beer, forgetting the imprint of my lips on the bottle, and my eyes widen in brief panic. But nothing happens. Maybe my infection can’t travel through soft moments like these. Maybe it needs the violence of the bite. ‘Anyway,’ she says, ‘it’s a little too chipper for me right now.’ She skips the song. I hear a brief snippet of Ava Gardner singing ‘Bill’, then she skips a few more times, lands on an unfamiliar rock tune, and cranks the volume. I’m distantly aware of the music, but I have tuned out. I watch Julie bob her head from side to side with eyes closed. Even now, here, in the darkest and strangest of places with the most macabre of company, the music moves her and her life pulses hard. I smell it again, a white glowing vapour wafting out from under my black blood. And even for Julie’s safety, I can’t bring myself to smother it. What is wrong with me? I stare at my hand, at its pale grey flesh, cool and stiff, and I dream it pink, warm and supple, able to guide and build and caress. I dream my necrotic cells shrugging off their lethargy, inflating and lighting up like Christmas deep in my dark core. Am I inventing all this like the beer buzz? A placebo? An optimistic illusion? Either way, I feel the flatline of my existence disrupting, forming heartbeat hills and valleys. How to cite Warm Bodies Chapter 5, Essay examples

Movie Summary Before Sunrise Essay Example For Students

Movie Summary Before Sunrise Essay In the words of Steve Jobs, No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven dont want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Weaved throughout, Before Sunrise directed by Richard Linklater, there is a synthesizing of ideals of a great Shakespearian tragedy and its foil the Shakespearian comedy, of the fear the submission of death while being filled with love and comedy. The cookie cutter story of two lovers, Celine and Jesse, meet paths in a train, making a pact that regardless the odds they were getting off to roam Vienna, enchanted by the romance and cultural of their surroundings, all till reality hits them again at sunrise. Beyond it being a â€Å"love† story it has a minimalistic plot, with not much happening, aside from walking and talking with a few kisses here and there; it integrates the simplest rendition of the romantic’s conflict between love and its obstacles. The odd thing of the film, is that the dialogue contradicts the characterization of this being a romantic/ dramatic film. The dialogue, carries a strong pull towards a tragedy with the fusion of the themes of death, love vs. time, and the cameos of religious ideals of life and reincarnation, minus the whimsical death. Conversations preoccupied with death, transience and the fragility of life. It’s safe to say that, the influence of the protagonist is the fear of death and mortality, while fighting against time. The question being what happens after sunrise? Nevertheless, Celine’s fascination and attraction to death and reincarnation lead to the magnetism between her and Jesse. That same fascination mutates to an obsession, starting to infect every aspect of her life travel, decision making, and even her choice of literature. In fact, when the couple first meet they ask each other, â€Å"What are you reading? † she responds by showing her the cover of George Batalie book titled Madame Edwards Le Mort, translating the dead man. The tale Jesse tells of himself as a child seeing his grandmother’s ghost in the spray of a water hose, hits a chord on Celine’s own obsession over her own mortality. At this part of the film the characteristics of the romance begin to oozes out , that being the moment where she decided to put her life and safety in the hands of this random person she had just simply connected with. The ambiguity and the unknown of death has caused and controlled Celine’s every action that has occurred up to that point of her life, â€Å"I’m afraid of death 24 hours a day, said Celine. Thus, unconsciously winning her over and convincing her to disembark the train and spend the wild night in Vienna. As they start to embark this journey through out Vienna, they encounter countless individuals, pass numerous landmarks; but Celine remembering her previous travels is attracted to Friedhof der Namenlosen Friendhof der Namelosen , a graveyard filled with Viennese suicide and plague victims, many of them resting for eternity in the sort of anonymity . â€Å"I visited this as a young teenager. I think it left a bigger impression on me at that time than any of the museums we went to. † Celine at an early age gained a respect for the delicacy of life and its worth. Seeing all this lives that were short lives, unmissed, forgotten, and never to exist . .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a , .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a .postImageUrl , .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a , .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a:hover , .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a:visited , .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a:active { border:0!important; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a:active , .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc040730b998651ca469f14eb4d734b2a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Overview - Boy EssayNot even in the memories in those who loved them. â€Å"When I was a little girl, I thought that if none of your family or friends knew you were dead, then its like not really being dead. People can invent the best and the worst for you. † It’s brought to our attention the same fear we all face, the not knowing the events, thoughts, or memories of us when we are gone. Celine brings up the question, â€Å"If none of your family or friends know your were you dead, or missing? † Even before the time of Hezekiah, the man that asked for fifteen more years of life and god granted it to him, mankind feared the closing of their death. Throughout this film, the protagonist from the time they leave the train they are in a sense of a split of time where time does not affect them it’s not until they reach the cemetery that time stops. â€Å"She was only 13 when she died. That meant something to me, you know, I was around that age when I first saw this. Hmm. Now, Im 10 years older, and shes still, 13, I guess. † Celine in this quote admires how time does not affect the dead. For that reason that they know t time affects the living, they live spontaneous lives. Yet aware death stops, shortens and controls time. As time passes, maybe we should record it and put it in a vault so that when we get a little old and dont have the energy we can remember how life used to be. The theme of love resonated underneath the more highlighted themes of time, death, and the strongest of the being fear. In spite of the fear of death, mortality and time the protagonist used their love to overcome that fear. Love tore the veil of fear, which allowed them to move on with their lives. The original question was; what happens after sunrise? You tell me.

Nuclear Deal Essay Example

Nuclear Deal Essay Nucle The Implications for the Indo-U. S. CivilNuclear Deal Justine Isola Justine Isola is Visiting International Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi August 26, 2010 Summary By some calculations, the chances that India will test a nuclear weapon in the coming years are not high. But if India again surprises the world as it did in 1998 with five nuclear explosions in the desert of Rajasthan, then conversations on the implications for the Indo-U. S. ivil-nuclear deal will begin. The record of debate on testing during negotiations reflects the depth of American concern that testing will lead to unstable nuclear escalation and the lengths the U. S. went to in order to deter India from conducting new tests. But it also underscores U. S. resolve to forge a new relationship with India despite evident disagreement on a thorny issue. Studying the finely wrought language of the deal reveals some persisting ambiguity about how the deal would be affected if India were to resume testing.However, in the event of a test, it’s a safe bet that several factors will play into determining U. S. response: the preferences of U. S. leaders, domestic lobbying, and geopolitical balance of power considerations. This response will be constrained by the strength of the U. S. -India relationship. Further, due to Indias deepening nuclear ties with the rest of the world, any U. S. response may have only a modest impact on India. If India Tests? The Implications for the Indo-U. S. Civil-Nuclear Deal 2 e The conclusion of the Indo-U. S. civil-nuclear deal in the fall of 2008 arked the end of three years of negotiations between the U. S. and India. Completion of the deal should not, however, obscure the history of domestic debate within the U. S. and India on how the terms of the deal apply. One issue on which lack of consensus notably persists within the U. S. is how the deal would be affected by India testing a nuclear weapon. As a Carnegie Endowment pub lication released during the thick of negotiations predicted, on the topic of nuclear testing, â€Å"[t]he ambiguities of this agreement invite future disputes and recriminations. 1 More recently, a Council on Foreign Relations backgrounder on the deal echoed this sentiment, referring to the repercussions of testing as â€Å"a potential area of dispute. †2 Examining U. S. laws on nuclear exports and cooperation suggests that the President would have to take some mandatory steps in response to a test. But (s)he would also have some discretionary authority. Looking at public statements and government debate on the issue of testing when Congress was negotiating the terms of the deal only underscores this lingering uncertainty about what India can expect from the U.S. if it resumes testing. However, several factors will certainly play into determining whether testing would jeopardize the agreement: who is in power in Washington, the strength of domestic interest groups, and bala nce of power geopolitics. Analysis of these factors suggests that the increasingly close ties between the U. S. and India may leave the U. S. with limited options for influencing India’s behaviour. Burgeoning nuclear ties between India and the rest of the world may further mean that the end of U. S. nuclear cooperation would have only a modest impact on India.The letter of the law U. S. President Bush and Indian Prime Minister Singh’s July 18, 2005, joint statement on civilian nuclear cooperation ushered in a heated debate between their two governments on the terms of this partnership. 3 Testing emerged as one of the most contentious issues from the start. Despite Prime Minister Singh’s promise in the joint statement to continue India’s unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing, many non-proliferation advocates in the U. S. were unhappy that the proposed agreement on cooperation did not explicitly prohibit Indian testing.The stakes were nuclear escalation in an unstable South Asia and the spectre of Indian testing triggering global proliferation. Some noted that the terms of 1 See chart accompanying Sharon Squassoni’s â€Å"Issues in U. S. -India Nuclear Cooperation,† Proliferation Analysis, November 7, 2007, http://www. carnegieendowment. org/npp/publications/ index. cfm? fa=view;id=19697. Jayshree Bajoria and Esther Pan, â€Å"The U. S. -India Nuclear Deal,† Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations, Updated November 20, 2009, http://www. cfr. org/publication/9663/ usindia_nuclear_deal_html. Joint Statement Between President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,† July 18, 2005, http://www. armscontrol. org/print/3292. 2 3 IDSA Issue Brief 3 the deal could in fact make it easier for India to test. 4 Others simply saw not tying the deal to India signing the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty as a missed opportunity for nonproliferation. 5 They pushed for stronger language on the consequences of test ing. It was against this backdrop that Congress was conducting hearings on amending U. S. domestic law to loosen nuclear export legislation — the first hurdle to approving the civil-nuclear deal.The U. S. Atomic Energy Act (AEA) requires a formal agreement delineating the terms of civil-nuclear cooperation and stipulates that several criteria be met before such a â€Å"123 agreement† —so-called after section 123 of the Act — can go into effect. Congress had to exempt the proposed U. S. -India 123 Agreement from some of those criteria. Specifically, Congress had to excuse India from full-scope safeguards on all of its nuclear facilities and allow exports even though India had tested nuclear weapons in 1998. These were two equirements negotiators recognized early on as impossible to meet. 6 President Bush signed the Henry J. Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act into law on December 18, 2006, granting the above exemptions and preli minary approval to the civil-nuclear deal. This legislation arguably comes down clearly on the consequences of future tests: It specifies that all waivers â€Å"shall cease to be effective if the President determines that India has detonated a nuclear explosive device after the date of the enactment of this title. 7 And it does not exempt India from an Atomic Energy Act provision that in the event of a test, a partner country must return nuclear material and equipment acquired through trade. 8 Of course, the President retains the authority subsequently to waive the AEA’s termination of cooperation requirements if he determines that the â€Å"cessation of such exports would be seriously prejudicial to the achievement of United States non-proliferation objectives or otherwise jeopardize the common defence and security. †9 Whether or not the U. S. 4See Michael Krepon’s comments at Arms Control Association briefing, â€Å"The Senate and the U. S. Indian Nuclear De al: Issues and Alternatives,† November 14, 2006, http://www. armscontrol. org/ print/3230. See Paul K. Kerr, â€Å"U. S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress,† Congressional Research Service, November 5, 2009, p. 14. Kerr, p. 33. See section 106 â€Å"Inoperability of Determination and Waivers† of Henry J. Hyde United StatesIndia Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act of 2006. See section 123(a)(4) of the Atomic Energy Act. Kerr, p. 32. 5 6 7 8 9 If India Tests?The Implications for the Indo-U. S. Civil-Nuclear Deal 4 e would in fact require India to return all transferred materials could well depend on what was transferred. If for example, India had only received supplies inconsequential for proliferation at the time of termination, the U. S. would not likely require the return of materials. But the Hyde Act and the Atomic Energy Act clearly provide Congress with unambiguous grounds (some would say mandatory obligations) for ending the deal and req uiring India to return nuclear material if India were to again test weapons.In debating the Hyde Act, the U. S. Congress also addressed concerns that the civil-nuclear deal would make it easier for India to test. For example, then-Senator Obama had proposed an amendment to the bill to â€Å"clarify United States policy in order to deter nuclear testing by foreign governments. †10 This amendment, which encourages limits on Indian reactor fuel reserves in order to make testing more difficult in the event of a cut-off of supplies, appeared in the final version of the Hyde Act as Section 103 (b) (10). 1 Following passage of the Hyde Act, the next hurdle to wrapping up the civil-nuclear deal was garnering Congressional approval for the 123 Agreement reached between leaders in Washington and New Delhi in July 2007. The 123 Agreement’s language on testing is not as clear-cut as that of the Hyde and Atomic Energy Acts. 123 agreements usually explicitly prohibit testing. But In dia had successfully prevented the agreement from including language explicitly stating that renewed nuclear testing would lead to termination of U. S. supplies.The provisions of the 123 Agreement thus raised some questions about whether the U. S. would in fact act decisively were India to test. 12 Congress scrutinized the 123 Agreement’s compliance with the testing provisions of the Hyde and Atomic Energy Acts, focusing on the following passages: The 123 Agreement states that â€Å"[e]ither Party shall have the right to terminate this Agreement prior to its expiration on one year’s written notice to the other Party. †13 10 â€Å"United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act,† Congressional Record, November 16, 2006, p. S10985.For more on Senator Obama’s positions on the civil-nuclear deal see Brahma Chellaney, â€Å"Obama’s India-Nuclear Legacy,† Asian Age, June 18, 2008, http:// chellaney. spaces. live. com/blog/cns! 49 13C7C8A2EA4A30! 622. entry. Section 103(b)(10) of the Hyde Act states, â€Å"Any nuclear power reactor fuel reserve provided to the Government of India for use in safeguarded civilian nuclear facilities should be commensurate with reasonable reactor operating requirements. † Chellaney’s article is the source for information about Obama’s amendment appearing in the final version of the bill.For further discussion of perceived inconsistencies between the Hyde Act and the 123 Agreement, see Proceedings of the Brookings Institution, July 30, 2008, Washington, D. C. â€Å"The U. S. -India Nuclear Agreement,† participants Stephen P. Cohen, Strobe Talbott, R. Nicholas burns, and Robert Einhorn, http://www. scribd. com/doc/6397716/Steve-P-Cohen-The-USIndia-NuclearAgreement-the-Brookings-Institution. All citations from version of â€Å"Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of India Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (123 Agreement)† released by U. S.Department of State, August 3 2007, merln. ndu. edu/archivepdf/ india/State/90157. pdf. 11 12 13 IDSA Issue Brief 5 However, the agreement advises both the U. S. and India to â€Å"consider the relevant circumstances† and â€Å"take into account whether the circumstances that may lead to termination or cessation resulted from a Party’s serious concern about a changed security environment or as a response to similar actions by other States which could impact national security. † Further, the agreement urges both countries to â€Å"recognize that exercising the right of return† to compel India to send back any nuclear material acquired from the U.S. â€Å"would have profound implications for [U. S. -India] relations. † Finally, the agreement also spells out how the U. S. would help India work with other countries on ensuring its fuel supply if the U. S. were to cease supplying to India. 1 4 Such stipulations provide manoeuvring room for India to defend a decision to test as a response to a new security threat from countries such as China or Pakistan and arguably, for the U. S. to find creative ways to respond. Primary sources from when Congress was conducting hearings on the deal offer some clues to how the U.S. could interpret the above language in future scenarios. For example, correspondence between Chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Tom Lantos and State Department assistant secretary for legislative affairs Jeffrey T. Bergner reflects Congressional concern about what was left unsaid in the 123 Agreement. In response to the question â€Å"Would any of these commitments continue to apply if India detonated a nuclear explosive device? If so, under what circumstances? †, the State Department offered reassurances that the U.S. would have the right to cease nuclear cooperation with India â€Å"immediately. †15 In response to concern that t he fuel supply assurances would mitigate the effects of U. S. cut-off, the State Department clarified that the purpose of these assurances was to â€Å"guard against disruptions of fuel supply to India that might occur through no fault of India’s own. †16 In response to a question about how provisions for a â€Å"lifetime† supply for India’s safeguarded reactors was consistent with Senator Obama’s amendment on limiting fuel 14 The United States will support an Indian effort to develop a strategic reserve of nuclear fuel to guard against any disruption of supply over the lifetime of India’s reactors. If despite these arrangements, a disruption of fuel supplies to India occurs, the United States and India would jointly convene a group of friendly supplier countries to include countries such as Russia, France and the United Kingdom to pursue such measures as would restore fuel supply to India,† Ibid. â€Å"Questions for the Record submit ted to Assistant Secretary Bergner by Chairman Tom Lantos House Committee on Foreign Affairs,† October 5, 2007, Question 16.Ibid. , Questions 17 and 18. 15 16 If India Tests? The Implications for the Indo-U. S. Civil-Nuclear Deal 6 e reactor reserves, the State Department replied simply, â€Å"[w]e do not read these provisions to be inconsistent. †17 Finally, when asked why the agreement does not contain â€Å"explicit† language on â€Å"actions that would give the U. S. the right to terminate nuclear cooperation† in the event of a test, the State Department answered that the agreement â€Å"provides for a clear right for the U. S. o terminate nuclear cooperation and a right to require the return of equipment and materials subject to the agreement in all of the circumstances required under the Atomic Energy Act, including if India detonated a nuclear explosive device†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 18 These exchanges offer some insight into how the U. S. could interpret the provisions on testing and termination in the various components of the civil-nuclear deal should India ever again test. In underscoring the U. S. right to end cooperation and request the return of nuclear materials, the State Department does not specify whether such a response would be mandatory.Eleventh-hour controversy and persisting post-deal ambiguities The clarifications provided by the State Department did not put an end to debate about Indian testing. In fact, the testing controversy remained live even after President Bush signed the United States-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Nonproliferation Enhancement Act, the legislation that approved the 123 Agreement. For example, before sending the bill to the President, the Senate rejected an eleventh-hour amendment to end nuclear exports if India were to test nuclear weapons. 19And even so, the Indian government was taking no chances.Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice had arrived in New Delhi several days after Congress a pproved the bill and was expected by many to get Indian Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee’s signature on the agreement. 20 But the Indian government insisted that President Bush sign first, reportedly in the hope that Bush would make a final statement speaking to India’s concerns about continued fuel supplies if India were to conduct a test. 21 On October 8, 2008, President Bush signed the bill without the much-sought after explicit language on the repercussions of testing.In his statement, he noted simply that the legislation authorizing the 123 Agreement â€Å"does not change the 17 18 19 Ibid. , Question 19. Ibid. , Question 35. Bajoria and Pan. Amendment was S. AMDT. 5683 to H. R. 7081 â€Å"To prohibit nuclear trade with India in the event that India detonates a nuclear weapon and to impose certain certification, reporting, and control requirements. † The amendment was introduced and rejected on October 1, 2008. The Senate passed H. R. 7081 the same day. R ama Lakshmi, â€Å"Glitch Delays Signing of India Nuclear Pact,† The Washington Post, October 5, 2008. Ibid. 20 21IDSA Issue Brief 7 fuel assurance commitments that the United States Government has made to the Government of India, as recorded in [the agreement]. †22 Just weeks after Bush signed the 123 Agreement, The Washington Times ran an editorial chastising his administration and Congress for approving the deal and urging the incoming Obama administration to end cooperation if India were to resume testing. 23 Citing â€Å"serious concerns† about the deal’s compliance with the standards of the Hyde Act, the authors argued that â€Å"the next administration must make it clear that conditionality or not, the U.S. will cut off nuclear supplies if India conducts another test. † 24 The Obama administration has not released such a statement. More recently, disagreement on the testing issue contributed to delays resolving the latest successfully conclud ed aspect of the nuclear deal — the terms of the agreement that will allow India to reprocess spent fuel. In an April 5, 2010, interview, the Carnegie Endowment’s Mark Hibbs was asked about what would happen to the reprocessing agreement if India were to test a nuclear weapon. Hibbs explained that lthough â€Å"[t]he arrangements do not explicitly state that an Indian nuclear test would be grounds for suspending U. S. consent to reprocessing †¦ the United States could base suspension upon its determination that a test constituted a serious threat to U. S. national security. †25 An Arms Control Association report on the terms of the reprocessing agreement clarifies how the repercussions of testing could play out, citing the language of the agreement: The â€Å"sole grounds† for seeking suspension are â€Å"exceptional circumstances limited to† a determination by either party that â€Å"continuance of reprocessing of U.S. -obligated material at the Facility would result in a serious threat to the Party’s national security† and a determination that â€Å"suspension is an unavoidable measure. †26 The testing issues, it appears, will not be laid to rest anytime soon. Forecasting U. S. response The above overview provides ample evidence of the primacy of the testing issue in negotiations about the civil-nuclear deal and persisting post-deal ambiguities. As this analysis demonstrates, despite vigorous debate and careful examination of the language of each component of the deal, U.S. response to an Indian test is arguably uncertain. Those who want to predict U. S. response should also be mindful that whatever the deal 23 Lawrence J. Korb and Winny Chen, â€Å"U. S. must suspend deal if India tests another nuke,† The Washington Times, November 11, 2008. Ibid. Mark Hibbs, â€Å"Moving Forward on the U. S. -India Nuclear Deal,† Carnegie Endowment, Q;A, April 5, 2010, http://carnegieendowment. org/ publications/index. cfm? fa=view;id=40491. Daniel Horner, Arms Control Today, â€Å"India, U. S. Agree on Terms for Reprocessing,† May 2010, http://www. rmscontrol. org/act/2010_05/US-IndiaReprocessing). 24 25 26 If India Tests? The Implications for the Indo-U. S. Civil-Nuclear Deal 8 e says, the president and a simple majority in Congress could enact freestanding legislation to end cooperation. 27 For these reasons, in addition to mining the relevant legislation to identify triggers for termination, onlookers should consider how factors such as the makeup of leadership in Washington, pressures from domestic interest groups, and geopolitical context could play a decisive role in shaping this response.Who’s in power in Washington – Studying the copious record of debate on testing is a reminder of the fact that the Bush administration and Congress did not see eye to eye on all aspects of the deal. With a new president and newly elected members of Congress, some of these fault lines may again appear in the future. President Obama’s statements and positions as a senator give reason to believe he would favour acting decisively if India were to test. Some observers have even contended that the Obama administration has been deliberately slow to implement the civil-nuclear deal, perhaps reflecting residual opposition to its terms. 8 If the American public does not re-elect Obama for a second term, this calculus would shift. Turnover in Congress after the upcoming midterm elections could also shake things up. Domestic interest groups – No matter who is in the White House, any President deciding whether or not to terminate cooperation would want to factor into consideration the growing influence of the Indian American lobby in the U. S. and its perception of a U. S. response. 29 The deal signified an elevation of U. S. -India partnership. Ending the deal could be similarly symbolically significant. Business interests will also shape th e nature of U. S. esponse. Some critics of the nuclear deal have long held that business interests drove the initiative. 30 And economic self-interest could certainly reduce the likelihood of U. S. termination. American companies such as GE Hitachi and Westinghouse that are poised to construct nuclear reactors in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat will not want to be cut out of Indian markets. 31 According to a U. S. -India trade group, such business may be worth $130 billion by 2030. 32 27 See Michael A. Levi and Charles D. Ferguson, â€Å"U. S. India Cooperation: A Strategy for Moving Forward,† CSR No. 16, June 2006, Council on Foreign Relations, p. 9. Raja Karthikeya, â€Å"India’s CTBT debate: Conviction or Con‘fusion,’† published on the website of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (http://csis. org), Sept. 28, 2009. For coverage of the growing influence of the Indian American lobby see Mira Kamdar, â€Å"Forget the Israel Lobby. The H ill’s Next Big Player Is Made in India,† The Washington Post, September 30, 2007, http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/28/ AR2007092801350. html. See for example J. Sri Raman, â€Å"The U. S. -India nuclear deal – one year later,† Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1, 2009, http://www. hebulletin. org/web-edition/features/the-us-indianuclear-deal-one-year-later. Randy Woods, â€Å"India names sites to host reactors by GE Hitachi, Westinghouse,† Nucleonics Week, October 22, 2009. Mark Hibbs, â€Å"Moving Forward on the U. S. -India Nuclear Deal,† Carnegie Endowment, Q;A, April 5, 2010, http://carnegieendowment. org/publications/index. cfm? fa=view;id=40491. 28 29 30 31 32 IDSA Issue Brief 9 Balance of power geopolitics – Concern about preserving the balance of power in Asia and assessing the motives that may have led India to test in the first place will also play a role in determining U.S. response to an Indian test. India may in the future want to expand its nuclear arsenal or increase the credibility of its thermonuclear deterrent in response to developments in neighbouring countries. If India were to test following overt territorial aggression by China or Pakistan, then it is probable the U. S. government would indeed excuse Indian tests. If India were to test in the wake of testing by China or Pakistan, it is again possible that the U. S. would tolerate a reciprocal act, though it is hard to imagine officials in Washington not feeling compelled to respond in some shape or form.It should also be noted that the U. S. will probably have to impose sanctions on India regardless of what steps (if any) it takes with respect to ending nuclear cooperation. The Glenn Amendment to the Arms Export Control Act mandates that the U. S. cease assistance to any non-nuclear weapons state involved in the transfer or use of a nuclear explosive device, although the president has authority to dela y imposing sanctions if he deems they would be â€Å"detrimental to the national security of the United States† and waive them entirely with Congress’s approval. 3 This was the law triggered in 1998 when India conducted five nuclear explosions in the desert of Rajasthan. But the impact of such sanctions has been debated. 34 The political will to maintain sanctions against India (and Pakistan, which had conducted its own nuclear tests following India’s tests) seems to have been lacking as penalizing India became less important than securing business opportunities and India’s partnership on emerging regional security concerns. Congress repealed sanctions against India less than two years after they went into effect. 5 As the above snapshots of the factors that could determine a U. S. response to Indian testing suggest, people-to-people, business, and security ties between the U. S. and India have only grown since then. These factors (with the exception of t he make-up of U. S. leadership) demonstrate the ways in which U. S. response to Indian testing could be complicated by the transformation of the U. S. -India relationship since the end of the Cold War. Increasing partnership may limit the scenarios under which the U. S. would end the civil-nuclear deal or take supplementary steps such as imposing sanctions.Why ending the deal may not matter to India Understanding how India will be impacted by a U. S. response to testing is as important 33 See Section 102(b) of the Arms Control Export Act. India is a non-nuclear weapons state as defined by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. For a comprehensive discussion of the impact of the 1998 sanctions against India and Pakistan see Robert M. Hathaway, â€Å"Confrontation and Retreat: The U. S. Congress and the South Asian Nuclear Tests,† Arms Control Today, January/February 2000, http://www. armscontrol. org/act/2000_0102/rhjf00. Ibid. 34 35 If India Tests?The Implications for the Indo- U. S. Civil-Nuclear Deal 10 e considering the nature of the response. There is good reason to believe that India would as not be adversely affected by a cut-off of U. S. nuclear supplies. Even if the U. S. stops nuclear cooperation with India, several other countries are poised to step in and begin exporting fuel and technology to India. Shortly before Congress approved the deal, the Nuclear Supplies Group agreed to exempt India from the usual rules governing global nuclear trade, freeing India to cooperate with other NSG member states on nuclear trade.India currently has bilateral nuclear agreements in place with the U. S. , France, Russia, Kazakhstan and Canada. 36 The NSG exemption opening up trade with India may in fact be the most significant legacy of the civil-nuclear deal. As George Perkovich explains, â€Å"[i]f India were to test a nuclear device after several years of receiving fuel imports, it would be able to withstand interruption of foreign fuel supplies, especially if in the intervening period India increases its own uranium mining operations. 37 This analysis suggests that Senator Obama was prescient when pushing for limits on Indian reactor fuel reserves. In the future, however, cut-off of U. S. supplies may not be a sufficient tool for preventing Indian proliferation. Conclusion By some calculations, the chances that India will test a nuclear weapon in the coming years have never been high, deal or no deal. But if India again surprises the world as it did in 1998, then conversations on the implications for the deal will undoubtedly be about more than its finely wrought language.The above record of debate on testing speaks to the depth of American concern that testing will lead to unstable nuclear escalation and to the lengths the U. S. went to in order to deter India from conducting new tests. But the end result of those negotiations also underscores U. S. resolve to forge a new relationship with India despite evident disagreement on a thor ny issue. In the event of a test, it’s a safe bet that the preferences of U. S. eaders, domestic lobbying, and geopolitical balance of power considerations will play a role in determining U. S. response. The effect of that response on an India that is itself deepening ties with the U. S. and diversifying its partnerships is equally worth contemplating. 36 Urjit R. Patel, â€Å"Crucial Deadline for Nuclear Energy Business in India,† The Brookings Institution, http://www. brookings. edu/opinions/2010/0817_nuclear_energy_india_patel. aspx. George Perkovich, â€Å"Global implications of the U. S-India deal,† Daedalus, Winter 2010, p. 26. 37